FAQ

Metabolic Mind is a non-profit initiative of Baszucki Group working to amplify the field of metabolic psychiatry’s scientific advances, clinical wisdom, and personal stories to foster knowledge, community, and inspiration in the fight against mental illness.

Metabolic Mind grew out of the first-ever metabolic psychiatry conference hosted by Baszucki Group in May of 2022. Fifty stakeholders gathered to share information and define this rapidly emerging field. In the months following the conference, it became increasingly clear that a dedicated advocacy effort was essential to elevate awareness while amplifying emerging research, clinical insights, and lived experiences. The Metabolic Mind team is dedicated to filling that gap, and is working toward a vision in which metabolism is understood as a primary driver of human health and well-being.

Baszucki Group is a private philanthropic and impact investing organization founded in 2021 by Roblox CEO David Baszucki and best-selling author Jan Ellison Baszucki. It supports initiatives through funding, advocacy, storytelling, and community building to drive systemic change.

A primary objective of Baszucki Group is to transform mental health outcomes, beginning with bipolar disorder, by supporting initiatives at the intersection of metabolism, psychiatry, and neuroscience. The organization also supports regenerative agriculture to promote soil health, nutritious food, and climate balance.

Numerous studies indicate that those with poor metabolic health, including impairments like insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, pre-diabetes, or type 2 diabetes, have a significantly increased risk of serious mental illness such as bipolar disorder, major depression, or schizophrenia.

The correlation holds in the opposite direction as well; those with serious mental illness have a higher likelihood of having metabolic dysfunction. Clinical experience and emerging evidence suggest that improving metabolism through ketogenic diets, as well as smart approaches to nutrient deficiencies, sleep, exercise, and stress reduction, can create mental health. This is the connection we explore at Metabolic Mind.

THINK+SMART, our free metabolic mental health program, including e-books, worksheets, and a guided email course, helps individuals personalize their wellness journeys using these strategies.

Metabolic therapies for mental health are interventions or treatments that improve systemic metabolic and mitochondrial function to prevent, reduce, or eliminate symptoms of psychiatric illness. Typical therapies include nutritional ketosis, sleep management, movement/exercise, substance use management, meditation, and mindfulness. In addition, medications that improve insulin resistance are sometimes used to address psychiatric symptoms.

Metabolic therapies are being explored for a wide range of mental health conditions, particularly serious mental illnesses. At Metabolic Mind, the primary focus is on conditions such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and anorexia nervosa.

Research and clinical perspectives, including those outlined by Dr. Chris Palmer in his book Brain Energy, suggest that if mental illness is linked to metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain, then many psychiatric conditions may potentially benefit from metabolic approaches.

According to Dr. Palmer, the scientific literature has identified mitochondrial dysfunction in the following psychiatric conditions:

• schizophrenia
• schizoaffective disorder
• bipolar disorder
• major depression
• autism
• anxiety disorders
• obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• anorexia nervosa
• alcohol use disorder (alcoholism)
• marijuana use disorder
• opioid use disorder
• borderline personality disorder
• Alzheimer’s disease

Additionally, the field of metabolic neurology is expanding, with clinicians such as Dr. Matthew Phillips and researchers such as Steven Cunnane exploring metabolic therapies for neurodegenerative disorders, including dementia, Parkinson’s disease, ALS, and Huntington’s disease. In our expert by experience stories featured in THINK+SMART, you will find individuals across a wide range of psychiatric and neurological conditions who report meaningful improvements with metabolic therapies.

Ketogenic therapy for mental illness is a sustained dietary strategy that improves metabolic function by inducing therapeutic nutritional ketosis to prevent, reduce, or eliminate symptoms of psychiatric illness.

There can be many different components of ketogenic therapy, but it often includes selecting a low-carb dietary strategy (what and what not to eat), establishing a target macronutrient ratio (typically 60% calories or more from fat), measuring ketones daily, and restricting timing of eating (when and when not to eat). Ketogenic therapy can also include tracking metabolic and mental health measures (see our sample lab order here), and supplementing with electrolytes, MCT oil, exogenous ketones, carnitine, Vitamin D, B12, and other nutrients.

Ketogenic therapy for mental illness is a sustained dietary strategy that improves metabolic function by inducing therapeutic nutritional ketosis to prevent, reduce, or eliminate symptoms of psychiatric illness.

There can be many different components of ketogenic therapy, but it often includes selecting a low-carb dietary strategy (what and what not to eat), establishing a target macronutrient ratio (typically 60% calories or more from fat), measuring ketones daily, and restricting timing of eating (when and when not to eat). Ketogenic therapy can also include tracking metabolic and mental health measures (see our sample lab order here), and supplementing with electrolytes, MCT oil, exogenous ketones, carnitine, Vitamin D, B12, and other nutrients.

Any dietary strategy that lowers glucose and insulin to levels at which the body produces ketones and switches to burning fat for energy.

A ketogenic diet typically lowers carbohydrates enough so your body switches from burning glucose (sugar) for energy to burning fat, either stored body fat or dietary fat. As a result, your liver creates ketones, which your brain and body can use for energy.

Eating between 20 – 50 grams of carbohydrates per day will result in ketosis for most people. Physically active and metabolically healthy individuals may be in ketosis at higher carb levels up to 75 or 100 grams per day.

A ketogenic diet supplies adequate protein, usually between 15-30% of calories, and the rest of the calories come from fat.

You can achieve ketosis with multiple types of diets, including vegan, vegetarian, Mediterranean, omnivore, and carnivore.

Ketogenic diets have been used safely for over 100 years in clinical neurology, particularly for epilepsy. They were also used to treat diabetes before the discovery of insulin, as highlighted by Gary Taubes in Rethinking Diabetes. However, long-term safety is still being studied, and large randomized controlled trials comparing ketogenic diets to other strategies are limited.

Although ketogenic diets have long been criticized for increasing cardiovascular risk, there is emerging evidence in the scientific literature that the opposite may be true. Learn more on our Is Keto Safe? topic page.

Ketosis is a physiologic state where your body burns fat for energy rather than glucose (sugar). This can mean burning either stored body fat or the fat you eat.

Some clinicians define ketosis as at or above 0.5mmol, but emerging evidence suggests that brain benefits can be achieved even at very low levels of ketosis for some people. Others may see the most improvement at higher levels of ketosis, for example above 2.0mmol.

You can achieve a state of ketosis by eating a diet very low in carbohydrates or fasting.

Ketosis is a safe and natural state that has likely been present throughout evolution. When our ancestors didn’t have enough food or couldn’t find any fruits or vegetables, they maintained their energy and focus through ketosis.

Many different dietary strategies can lead to improvements in mental health. Strategies we commonly hear about from our community include:

• Modified Atkins
• Mediterranean keto
• Vegan or vegetarian keto
• Pescatarian keto
• Carnivore
• Low Glycemic Index
• Carb cycling
• Dairy-free
• Gluten-free
• Whole foods low-carb
• No refined carbohydrates
• No starch or sugar
• Limit “vegetable” oils (i.e. industrial seed oils, factory fats)

Being in a state of ketosis can improve metabolic health and allow the brain to use ketones for energy, both of which directly contribute to improved brain function.

The beneficial impact of ketosis has been known in epilepsy for over a century, with decades of supporting research and clinical experience.

Emerging research and clinical experience in both dementia and mental illness demonstrate improvement in symptoms and reduced need for medications.

Metabolic health refers to how well the body regulates key markers related to energy use and storage. Clinically, it is defined by optimal levels of five markers: blood glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, blood pressure, and waist circumference, without the use of medication. These markers can indirectly measure insulin sensitivity. In addition, fasting insulin levels can be measured directly.

This is important, since abnormally high insulin levels can precede high blood glucose by decades in some people. So measuring your blood glucose may not be enough to tell you whether you have insulin resistance. It is important to note that some individuals may have brain insulin resistance that is not detectable through standard measures such as fasting insulin. We encourage anyone experiencing mental health symptoms, even those who appear metabolically healthy, to consider exploring ketogenic therapy as a potential treatment option.

Insulin resistance, or “pre-diabetes,” is when the cells in your body become resistant to the master signaling hormone insulin, wrecking metabolic havoc in your body. Here’s a great post from Levels describing what insulin does and calling for it to be tested more often:

https://www.levelshealth.com/blog/what-are-normal-insulin-levels-and-why-dont-we-test-it-more

Learn more in these videos from Dr. Bret Scher and Dr. Georgia Ede about testing for insulin resistance and how it impacts mental health:

Ketogenic Diets for Mental Health | Dr. Georgia Ede | Metabolic Link Private Feed Episode

Metabolic syndrome is defined as a constellation of features of deranged metabolism, including high blood pressure, high blood glucose, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal HDL cholesterol levels. Together, these conditions increase your risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and other health problems.

Psychiatry generally defines “serious mental illness,” or SMI, as schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar disorders, major depressive disorder, and anorexia nervosa.

Metabolic therapies are being explored for milder conditions such as anxiety, ADHD, and brain fog, but robust clinical evidence is still limited.

Clinical experience suggests that some individuals may benefit from ketogenic and other metabolic approaches. Early findings from studies in related conditions often report improvements in attention, mental clarity, and anxiety symptoms.

In addition, expert-by-experience testimonials from individuals using metabolic therapies for conditions like ADHD and brain fog frequently describe meaningful improvements.

As with any intervention, responses can vary, and it is important to work with a qualified healthcare provider when considering these approaches.

Brain Energy by Dr. Chris Palmer and Change Your Diet, Change Your Mind by Dr. Georgia Ede are the two books we recommend most for anyone interested in metabolic approaches to treating mental disorders. Drs. Palmer and Ede are pioneers of the metabolic psychiatry movement, and have both been treating patients with ketogenic and metabolic strategies for decades. You can find other favorites on our Curated Resources page.